作為一種現(xiàn)代化建筑形式，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑憑借強(qiáng)度高、自重輕、抗震性能好、工業(yè)化程度高、施工周期短、可塑性強(qiáng)、節(jié)能環(huán)保等綜合性能顯著的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在工業(yè)廠房、商業(yè)綜合體、體育場(chǎng)館、大跨度橋梁等領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)勁競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，近年來(lái)在全球范圍內(nèi)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。

　　As a modern architectural form, steel structure buildings have demonstrated strong competitiveness in industrial plants, commercial complexes, sports venues, large-span bridges, and other fields due to their significant advantages such as high strength, light weight, good seismic performance, high industrialization level, short construction period, strong plasticity, energy conservation and environmental protection. In recent years, they have been widely used worldwide.

　　然而，其一次建造成本高被業(yè)界所詬病，成為影響其大規(guī)模推廣的“主因”，這一點(diǎn)在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)住宅的推廣上尤為明顯?？上驳氖牵ㄟ^(guò)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈協(xié)同，國(guó)內(nèi)目前已出現(xiàn)降本范例——以“設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)材料研發(fā)、材料賦能建筑創(chuàng)新”模式打造成的中鋼洛耐研發(fā)中心大樓（下稱(chēng)中鋼洛耐項(xiàng)目）的綜合造價(jià)（3300元/平方米)基本接近現(xiàn)澆混凝土建筑，成為國(guó)內(nèi)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑降低一次建造成本的典型示范項(xiàng)目。

　　However, its high initial construction cost has been criticized by the industry and has become the main factor affecting its large-scale promotion, especially in the promotion of steel structure residential buildings. Fortunately, through industrial chain collaboration, a cost reduction model has emerged in China - the comprehensive cost (3300 yuan/square meter) of the Zhonggang Luonai R&D Center Building (referred to as the Zhonggang Luonai project), which is built using the "design driven material research and development, material empowered building innovation" model, is basically close to that of cast-in-place concrete buildings, becoming a typical demonstration project for reducing the construction cost of domestic steel structure buildings.

　　實(shí)際上，與傳統(tǒng)的混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)相比，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑在材料利用率、節(jié)能環(huán)保、施工周期和空間設(shè)計(jì)等方面具有先天優(yōu)勢(shì)，這些優(yōu)勢(shì)可直接轉(zhuǎn)化為經(jīng)濟(jì)層面的成本節(jié)約。特別是在當(dāng)前建筑業(yè)面臨勞動(dòng)力成本上升和環(huán)保要求趨嚴(yán)的背景下，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑通過(guò)工廠預(yù)制、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)組裝的工業(yè)化建造模式，能夠有效降低人力依賴(lài)和減少施工浪費(fèi)。

　　In fact, compared with traditional concrete structures, steel structure buildings have inherent advantages in material utilization, energy conservation and environmental protection, construction period, and space design, which can be directly translated into cost savings at the economic level. Especially in the current context of rising labor costs and increasingly stringent environmental requirements in the construction industry, the industrial construction mode of factory prefabrication and on-site assembly of steel structure buildings can effectively reduce labor dependence and minimize construction waste.

　　低碳未來(lái)自有成本優(yōu)勢(shì)

　　Low carbon future with its own cost advantages

　　當(dāng)前，低碳發(fā)展已成為全球共識(shí)，是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的未來(lái)趨勢(shì)。從2025年全球主要碳市場(chǎng)碳價(jià)普遍上漲（歐盟碳價(jià)歷史最高突破100歐元/噸）的趨勢(shì)來(lái)看，未來(lái)碳排放成本增加幅度將加大，企業(yè)迫切須加快綠色轉(zhuǎn)型步伐。在此背景下，作為綠色建筑的典型代表之一，具有全生命周期節(jié)能環(huán)保特性的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑在碳交易體系中的天然優(yōu)勢(shì)將逐漸顯現(xiàn)，碳資產(chǎn)價(jià)值持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)成為其未來(lái)最具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)。

　　Currently, low-carbon development has become a global consensus and an irreversible trend for the future. From the trend of a general increase in carbon prices in major global carbon markets by 2025 (with the EU carbon price reaching a historical high of over 100 euros/ton), it can be seen that the cost of carbon emissions will increase in the future, and companies urgently need to accelerate their green transformation pace. In this context, as one of the typical representatives of green buildings, steel structure buildings with full lifecycle energy-saving and environmental protection characteristics will gradually demonstrate their natural advantages in the carbon trading system, and the continuous growth of carbon asset value will become their most competitive cost advantage in the future.

　　當(dāng)下須科學(xué)認(rèn)識(shí)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑的碳排放成本。從單位產(chǎn)量來(lái)看，鋼材生產(chǎn)的碳排放較傳統(tǒng)建筑用材高，但鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑由于自身強(qiáng)度高、重量輕等特點(diǎn)，在同等建筑規(guī)模和功能要求下，可通過(guò)輕量化設(shè)計(jì)減少所需的建筑用材總量，在一定程度上抵消鋼材生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的高碳排放，因此需綜合評(píng)估其實(shí)際的碳排放影響。與此同時(shí)，鋼鐵行業(yè)超低排放改造正深入推進(jìn)中。據(jù)中國(guó)鋼鐵工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)最新統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，截至6月30日，5.98億噸鋼鐵產(chǎn)能完成全過(guò)程超低排放改造，1.75億噸鋼鐵產(chǎn)能完成部分超低排放改造，總計(jì)超7億噸。隨著鋼鐵行業(yè)綠色生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和相關(guān)共性技術(shù)的逐步突破，如氫冶金技術(shù)、電爐煉鋼技術(shù)等都將降低鋼材生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的碳排放，同時(shí)隨著清潔能源進(jìn)一步替代傳統(tǒng)化石能源、廢鋼的利用力度加大等，鋼材生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中的碳排放量將進(jìn)一步降低。

　　At present, it is necessary to scientifically understand the carbon emission cost of steel structure buildings. From the perspective of unit output, the carbon emissions from steel production are higher than those from traditional building materials. However, steel structure buildings, due to their high strength and light weight, can reduce the total amount of building materials required through lightweight design under the same building scale and functional requirements, to some extent offsetting the high carbon emissions in the steel production process. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate their actual carbon emission impact. At the same time, the ultra-low emission transformation of the steel industry is being deeply promoted. According to the latest statistics from the China Iron and Steel Industry Association, as of June 30th, 598 million tons of steel production capacity has completed the entire process of ultra-low emission transformation, and 175 million tons of steel production capacity has completed partial ultra-low emission transformation, totaling over 700 million tons. With the continuous development of green production technology in the steel industry and the gradual breakthrough of related common technologies, such as hydrogen metallurgy technology and electric furnace steelmaking technology, the carbon emissions in the steel production process will be reduced. At the same time, with the further replacement of traditional fossil fuels with clean energy and the increasing utilization of scrap steel, the carbon emissions in the steel production process will be further reduced.

　　同時(shí)，需盡快建立鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑全生命周期碳排放科學(xué)評(píng)估體系，可按照界定邊界—采集數(shù)據(jù)—構(gòu)建模型—制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)步驟推進(jìn)，摸清各環(huán)節(jié)碳排放足跡，尋求更高效的減碳路徑。首先，明確鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑從材料生產(chǎn)到拆除回收各階段核算范圍；其次，采集包括鋼鐵生產(chǎn)過(guò)程、物流運(yùn)輸、施工過(guò)程、拆除再利用等各階段關(guān)鍵參數(shù)；再次，構(gòu)建模型，采用LCA（生命周期分析）方法量化各環(huán)節(jié)碳排放；最后，推動(dòng)形成行業(yè)統(tǒng)一的評(píng)估指標(biāo)與認(rèn)證機(jī)制。該體系將發(fā)揮三重作用，在技術(shù)層面上將引導(dǎo)綠色施工技術(shù)應(yīng)用、減少建筑垃圾，在政策層面上將輔助國(guó)家有關(guān)部門(mén)精準(zhǔn)施策，在產(chǎn)業(yè)層面上將促進(jìn)鋼鐵與建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)同發(fā)展。

　　At the same time, it is necessary to establish a scientific assessment system for the carbon emissions of steel structure buildings throughout their entire life cycle as soon as possible. This can be achieved by following the steps of defining boundaries, collecting data, constructing models, and developing standards, in order to understand the carbon emissions footprint of each link and seek more efficient ways to reduce carbon emissions. Firstly, clarify the scope of accounting for each stage of steel structure construction, from material production to demolition and recycling; Secondly, collect key parameters from various stages including steel production process, logistics transportation, construction process, demolition and reuse; Once again, construct a model and use LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) method to quantify carbon emissions at each stage; Finally, promote the formation of industry unified evaluation indicators and certification mechanisms. This system will play a triple role, guiding the application of green construction technology and reducing construction waste at the technical level, assisting relevant national departments in implementing precise policies at the policy level, and promoting the coordinated development of the steel and construction industries at the industrial level.

　　此外，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑成本優(yōu)勢(shì)還體現(xiàn)在所用鋼材具有極高的二次利用價(jià)值潛力上。據(jù)目前已公開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)，混凝土廢棄物處理成本約占拆除費(fèi)用的30%~50%，鋼材的高可回收特性使鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑拆除時(shí)的殘值最高可達(dá)原材料的80%，拆卸損耗少、建筑工期縮短、能源消耗和碳排放減少，回收潛力大，不僅可以有效抵扣建筑的拆除成本，還能通過(guò)其可回收特性與低碳屬性閉環(huán)形成新的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。這種材料循環(huán)特性在環(huán)保法規(guī)趨嚴(yán)的背景下價(jià)值凸顯，尤其在未來(lái)綠色建筑評(píng)級(jí)與碳交易機(jī)制逐步完善的背景下，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的“殘值收益”將顯著提升項(xiàng)目的整體投資回報(bào)率。

　　In addition, the cost advantage of steel structure construction is also reflected in the high potential for secondary utilization of the steel used. According to publicly available data, the cost of concrete waste disposal accounts for about 30% to 50% of the demolition cost. The high recyclability of steel allows the residual value of steel structure buildings during demolition to reach up to 80% of the raw material, resulting in less demolition loss, shorter construction period, reduced energy consumption and carbon emissions, and great recycling potential. It can not only effectively offset the demolition cost of buildings, but also form new economic value through its recyclability and low-carbon attributes. The cyclic nature of this material highlights its value in the context of increasingly strict environmental regulations, especially in the context of the gradual improvement of green building ratings and carbon trading mechanisms in the future. The "residual value return" of steel structures will significantly enhance the overall investment return rate of the project.

　　可以說(shuō)，不僅初始建造成本可控，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑所用鋼材的可回收特性還賦予了建筑材料二次利用的價(jià)值，具有貫穿設(shè)計(jì)、施工、使用到拆除各環(huán)節(jié)的巨大降本潛力。而這些，將在未來(lái)共同成為推動(dòng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵動(dòng)力。

　　It can be said that not only is the initial construction cost controllable, but the recyclability of steel used in steel structure buildings also endows building materials with the value of secondary utilization, with enormous cost reduction potential throughout the design, construction, use, and demolition stages. And these will together become the key driving force for the sustainable development of steel structure buildings in the future.

　　產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈協(xié)同降本潛力巨大

　　The potential for collaborative cost reduction in the industrial chain is enormous

　　從國(guó)內(nèi)首例實(shí)現(xiàn)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑單位造價(jià)與鋼筋混凝土基本接近的中鋼洛耐項(xiàng)目可以窺見(jiàn)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑通過(guò)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈協(xié)同展現(xiàn)出顯著的降本潛力，其關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)其全生命周期成本的優(yōu)化：從設(shè)計(jì)端采用“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”模塊化方案，到生產(chǎn)端實(shí)現(xiàn)鋼材精準(zhǔn)下料和智能焊接，再到施工環(huán)節(jié)的快速裝配，各環(huán)節(jié)緊密銜接，不僅可減少材料浪費(fèi)，還能節(jié)約工期成本。

　　From the first domestic project in China to achieve a unit cost of steel structure construction that is basically close to that of reinforced concrete, it can be seen that steel structure construction has shown significant potential for cost reduction through industrial chain collaboration. The key lies in optimizing its entire life cycle cost: from adopting a "standardized" modular solution at the design end, to achieving precise steel cutting and intelligent welding at the production end, to rapid assembly at the construction stage, all links are closely connected, which not only reduces material waste but also saves construction period costs.

　　從材料的高效利用上來(lái)看，鋼材作為主要建材，其強(qiáng)度高、自重輕的特性使得構(gòu)件截面尺寸遠(yuǎn)小于混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，在相同荷載條件下可減少一定的材料用量，而高強(qiáng)鋼便是建筑輕量化的優(yōu)選材料。國(guó)內(nèi)專(zhuān)家介紹，在鋼鐵行業(yè)的不斷努力下，高強(qiáng)鋼現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入千兆帕?xí)r代。目前已公開(kāi)使用的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑用鋼最高強(qiáng)度已達(dá)960兆帕。這種輕量化特征不僅降低鋼材采購(gòu)成本，還帶來(lái)連鎖效應(yīng)——基礎(chǔ)工程因荷載減輕可減少樁基數(shù)量和混凝土用量，運(yùn)輸環(huán)節(jié)因構(gòu)件重量下降可降低物流費(fèi)用。

　　From the perspective of efficient utilization of materials, steel, as the main building material, has the characteristics of high strength and light weight, which makes the cross-sectional size of components much smaller than that of concrete structures. Under the same load conditions, it can reduce a certain amount of material usage, and high-strength steel is the preferred material for building lightweighting. Domestic experts have introduced that with the continuous efforts of the steel industry, high-strength steel has now entered the era of gigapascals. The maximum strength of steel used in steel structure construction that has been publicly released has reached 960 megapascals. This lightweight feature not only reduces the cost of steel procurement, but also brings a chain effect - reducing the number of pile foundations and concrete usage in foundation engineering due to reduced load, and reducing logistics costs in transportation due to reduced component weight.

　　從施工流程的優(yōu)化上來(lái)看，已公開(kāi)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件在工廠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)后直接運(yùn)至現(xiàn)場(chǎng)拼裝，可比現(xiàn)澆混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)縮短工期30%~50%。這種模式將傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)作業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移至工廠環(huán)境，通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)顯著提升構(gòu)件精度和質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定性，從根本上減少返工和材料浪費(fèi)，還避免了傳統(tǒng)施工中多工種交叉作業(yè)的協(xié)調(diào)成本，使項(xiàng)目能更快投入運(yùn)營(yíng)產(chǎn)生收益。而在工廠預(yù)制環(huán)境下，鋼材切割、焊接等工序通過(guò)自動(dòng)化設(shè)備完成的加工損耗率可得到有效控制，低于傳統(tǒng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)作業(yè)的損耗率。此外，這種建造模式還可以催生新的成本控制維度，即通過(guò)BIM（建筑信息模型）技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)—生產(chǎn)—施工全流程數(shù)字化，有助于構(gòu)件加工誤差控制、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝效率提升等，工業(yè)化建造形成的規(guī)模效應(yīng)也利于頭部企業(yè)通過(guò)集中采購(gòu)控制鋼材成本。需注意的是，加快構(gòu)件標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化是實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化模式的前提。

　　From the perspective of optimizing the construction process, publicly available statistical data shows that steel structural components can be transported directly to the site for assembly after standardized production in the factory, which can shorten the construction period by 30% to 50% compared to cast-in-place concrete structures. This model transfers traditional on-site operations to the factory environment, significantly improving component accuracy and quality stability through standardized production, fundamentally reducing rework and material waste, and avoiding the coordination costs of multi job cross operation in traditional construction, enabling projects to be put into operation faster and generate profits. In the prefabricated environment of the factory, the processing loss rate of steel cutting, welding and other processes completed by automated equipment can be effectively controlled, which is lower than the loss rate of traditional on-site operations. In addition, this construction model can also give rise to new dimensions of cost control, namely the digitization of the entire design production construction process through BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology, which helps to control component processing errors and improve on-site installation efficiency. The scale effect formed by industrial construction is also conducive to leading enterprises controlling steel costs through centralized procurement. It should be noted that accelerating component standardization is a prerequisite for achieving industrialization mode.

　　從業(yè)主的使用體驗(yàn)上來(lái)看，空間靈活可變的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑不僅會(huì)提升空間利用率，其帶來(lái)的改造適應(yīng)性還會(huì)為業(yè)主提供了額外的成本緩沖空間，如內(nèi)部管線系統(tǒng)可直接附著于鋼構(gòu)件，改造時(shí)無(wú)需破壞主體結(jié)構(gòu)。隨著建筑使用功能的變化，這種靈活調(diào)整能力可顯著延長(zhǎng)建筑經(jīng)濟(jì)壽命。而鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑運(yùn)營(yíng)階段的維護(hù)成本優(yōu)勢(shì)也值得關(guān)注。已公開(kāi)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，鋼材的耐腐蝕性能通過(guò)鍍鋅等技術(shù)處理后，維護(hù)周期可達(dá)20年以上，而混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)通常需要每10年進(jìn)行大規(guī)模修繕。這種低維護(hù)特性在機(jī)場(chǎng)、電廠等對(duì)運(yùn)營(yíng)連續(xù)性要求高的設(shè)施中價(jià)值尤為突出。

　　From the perspective of the user experience of the owners, steel structure buildings with flexible and variable space not only improve space utilization, but also provide additional cost buffering space for the owners through their adaptability to renovation. For example, internal pipeline systems can be directly attached to steel components without damaging the main structure during renovation. With the changes in the functional use of buildings, this flexible adjustment ability can significantly extend the economic life of buildings. The maintenance cost advantage of steel structure buildings during the operation phase is also worth paying attention to. According to publicly available data, the corrosion resistance of steel can be maintained for over 20 years through techniques such as galvanizing, while concrete structures typically require large-scale repairs every 10 years. This low maintenance feature is particularly valuable in facilities such as airports and power plants that require high operational continuity.

　　隨著政策推動(dòng)裝配式建筑普及和規(guī)模化效應(yīng)釋放，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈協(xié)同發(fā)展將進(jìn)一步攤薄其成本。尤其是在綠色建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)趨嚴(yán)的背景下，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)可循環(huán)利用的特性將形成長(zhǎng)期成本優(yōu)勢(shì)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑未來(lái)降本空間有望得到更進(jìn)一步突破。

　　With the promotion of prefabricated construction and the release of economies of scale through policies, the coordinated development of the steel structure construction industry chain will further dilute its costs. Especially in the context of increasingly strict green building standards, the recyclable nature of steel structures will form a long-term cost advantage, and there is hope for further breakthroughs in cost reduction space for steel structure buildings in the future.

　　本文由 濟(jì)南輕鋼結(jié)構(gòu)   友情奉獻(xiàn).更多有關(guān)的知識(shí)請(qǐng)點(diǎn)擊  http://www.bangfukeji.cn/   真誠(chéng)的態(tài)度.為您提供為全面的服務(wù).更多有關(guān)的知識(shí)我們將會(huì)陸續(xù)向大家奉獻(xiàn).敬請(qǐng)期待.

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